IP Address

An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to any device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes.

An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."

The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995, standardized by RFC 2460 in 1998, and is in world-wide production deployment.

Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as  (for IPv4), and   (for IPv6).

The Internet Protocol is used to route data packets between networks; IP addresses specify the locations of the source and destination nodes in the topology of the routing system. For this purpose, some of the bits in an IP address are used to designate a subnetwork. The number of these bits is indicated in CIDR notation, appended to the IP address; e.g.,  .

As the development of private networks raised the threat of IPv4 address exhaustion, RFC 1918 set aside a group of private address spaces that may be used by anyone on private networks. Such networks require network address translator gateways to connect to the global Internet.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority manages the IP address space allocations globally and cooperates with five regional Internet registries to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.